INTRODUCTIONThe Alaskan earthquake occurred on Good Friday, March 27, 1964, at 5:36 PM local time. It was the largest earthquake ever recorded in North America.Duration estimates range from 3 to 5 minutes.Sources vary as to the magnitude of this earthquake, in part because a variety of scales are used to measure earthquakes. Bruce Bolt lists it as 8.6 Ms, where Ms is the surface-wave magnitude. The USGS gives it a 9.2 Mw, where Mw is the moment magnitude. |
EPICENTERThe epicenter was located between Valdez and Anchorage, near Prince William Sound.The earthquake occurred on a thrust fault. This fault was a subduction zone, where the Pacific plate plunges underneath the North American plate.The first slip occurred at a depth of 25 km (16 miles), which is a shallow depth. |
TSUNAMIThe sudden uplift of the Alaskan seafloor caused a tsunami, which was responsible for 122 of the 131 deaths.The tsunami propagated
at speeds over 400 miles per hour.
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HARBOR WAVESAs landslides cascaded
into the sea, they generated gigantic harbor waves that smashed upward
against the shore, in some places as high as 100 feet above normal tide
levels, per Reference 3.
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ANCHORAGEThe earthquake also caused ground liquefaction, whereby the soil and sand temporarily turned from a solid to a liquid state.Rockslides and avalanches occurred as a result of the liquefaction. Some of the landslides occurred in Anchorage, particularly at Turnagain Heights. Soft clay bluffs at this location collapsed during the strong ground motion. About 75 homes were thus destroyed.The property damage cost was about $311 million. Much of the property damage occurred in Anchorage. For example, the J.C. Penney Company building and the Four Seasons apartment building were damaged beyond repair.The Penney's building facade consisted of massive concrete panels, which were five inches thick. The panels broke off from the building and fell into the street. A woman driving by was struck and killed in her car. A young man crouching on the street was also killed.Several schools in Anchorage were also destroyed, including the Government Hill elementary school. Fortunately, the schools were closed due to the Good Friday holiday.The 68 foot tall
concrete control tower at Anchorage International Airport toppled over,
killing the air traffic controller.
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VALDEZThe port of Valdez is 120 miles east of Anchorage.The S.S. Chena freighter was unloading supplies at the town dock when the earthquake began. A giant harbor wave lifted the S.S Chena thirty feet. The wave killed 28 people who were at the dock. The S.S. Chena was able to break free and move safely into the bay.The Valdez waterfront and many homes and commercial buildings were destroyed.The ground in Valdez had rolling undulations, with an amplitude of three feet from crest to trough.Later in the evening at 10:30 pm, continuing waves combing with a rising tide flooded broad sections of Valdez. The waves occurred at 30 minute intervals, until 2 am.The residents fled to
the hills, where they spent the night in subfreezing cold.
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SEWARDSeward is an oil port and railroad terminus, located 80 miles south of Anchorage.The events at Seward were similar to those at Valdez, except that the Seward suffered an additional catastrophe of fire. Oil pipes ruptured. Entire tanks at the Standard Oil storage facility exploded. Burning petroleum spewed out in a sheet of fire across the harbor.Twelve people at Seward
died.
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KODIAK ISLANDThe initial ground
shocks did little damage to Kodiak. Fisherman nearby in St. Paul harbor
noticed a long, gentle swell followed by a sudden ebb. The water
receded until the remaining depth was only two feet. The 160 boat
fishing fleet sat on the bottom of the harbor in mud. A series of giant
wave stuck the harbor, beginning at 6:20 pm. The waves picked up boats
and waterfront buildings, propelling them three blocks into town. Two
crab and salmon canneries were obliterated.
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CONCLUSIONThe 1964 Alaskan
earthquake was the largest earthquake ever recorded in North America in
terms of magnitude.
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PERSONAL ACCOUNTSThe following is my recollection of Friday, March 27, 1964.It was 5:30 pm and I had just finished my shower. I was planning a night out on the town since I had turned 20 yrs. old three days earlier. I was sitting in the barracks at the Kodiak Naval Base reading the week old Oklahoma City Times. I barely got through the front page and noticed a little shaking of the paper in my hands. I dismissed it, thinking it was one of the sub hunters revving it's engines at the nearby hangar. Suddenly the closed and latched doors of the lockers in front of me sprang open. Myself and one other seaman yelled simultaneously "it's an EARTHQUAKE".The barracks and showers were full of Seabees and Marines getting ready for the weekend parties. Most were partially or completely naked. It was very hard to remain on your feet as we all headed for the stairs at the same time. We pretty much went down in a pile. I remember standing on the bottom step of the doorway to the barracks and watching lightning on the ground. The ground was alive. All around you and as far as you could see the ground was splitting with cracks from as wide as an inch to hairline cracks. The power poles were all swaying in unison. Water and Gas lines were breaking underground all around. And at the same time you felt like you were standing on a giant vibrator.The one thing I remember most while I was standing there in my shorts was where did all the girls come from. We rarely saw a female on base. And there must have been 8 or 10 screaming girls and women within a few yards of our barracks. Never figured out where they came from. Of course liberty was canceled and we were ordered to muster. The Seabees were in charge of the Motor Pool on base. We provided services to the base in all phases of transportation. As well as snow removal and road repair on the Island. My first assigned task was to transport a squad of armed Marines to the town of Kodiak. The first wave had hit and took out the town. It took about an hour and a half to get there because of the condition of the roads.Rock slides had blocked many areas and we had to clear the road before proceeding. When we arrived I couldn't believe the destruction. The streets were littered with everything from rifles to cash. Looting was already taking place. The buildings that were on the waterfront were all displaced and in the middle of what used to be the streets. Over the next 24 hours, the tides became increasingly higher and higher. Soon the base power plant was under water and we lost all power to the base.Our entire Company spent the next two weeks working 12 to 15 hour days doing whatever we could to help anyone that needed it. I remember when the C130 arrived from Seattle with the replacement power plant. Word was that it took over two days to get it loaded and secured on the plane and we had it unloaded and operational in about 18 hours.When my tour of duty
was finished I was able to spend some time in Anchorage while on the
way back to the States. I have since been in another
earthquake while visiting California. Two is enough. I 'm glad I live
Texas. I am now 63 years old and I plan to drive the Alcan Highway next
summer. Sure hope the ground ain't shakin'.
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I was 10 years old and
my family lived on 8th Street in Anchorage. I remember when the quake
hit I ran out the back door, circled the block, and all of the parked
cars were slamming back and forth into each other. My dad was in the
doorway of our house and yelling for me to come to him, I was just
panicked and running down the street. I guess I thought that there was
somewhere that was not shaking. The Four Seasons Apartments were just
down the street, I remember that when it fell there was a huge mushroom
cloud like we had seen in school films about atomic bombs. To this very
day, the smallest earthquake scares me spitless. My older sister was
just entering the doors at Penneys when some high school friends drove
down the road and called to her and her friend. The front of Pennys
came down right where they had been standing. They barely escaped being
victims. I have a bunch of old newspapers from those days that my Dad
left me. I have no idea what to do with them.
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I was 9 when the quake hit. But I clearly remember where I was & what I was doing. It seemed the earth would never stop shaking. I was in a basement & had a hard time getting up the stairs. I lived on Cherry Hill - with a bunch of other military families. I remember the "100" tremors a day afterwards.Peg |
I was 18 and a resident of Fairbanks and had never been
to Anchorage before, but was there attending the Community College
taking a two month class in surveying and soils testing. I was staying
in a boarding house on K Street that was owned by Mr. and Mrs. Bill
Langford.
Classes were over for the day and the rest of the boarders and I were
just sitting down for supper, about to enjoy the meal that “Mother” [as
we called her] had prepared for us. Suddenly there was a tremor that
lasted only a few seconds. We all gathered together and found that nobody had been hurt.
I went down to the end of K St. and looked out over Cook Inlet. Where
earlier it had been frozen over solid the ice was now pulverized and
the water level had dropped dramatically. Coming back up K St. I
stopped at the intersection of 4th Ave. to gaze downtown. Just then an
Anchorage policeman pulled up and asked if I would direct traffic at
that corner. I told him I would and he left saying, “Don’t let anyone
downtown!” I stayed there for a few hours. Traffic was almost
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I was 4 years old and living in the Cherry Hill area of Elmendorf Air Force Base. My father was away on a mission leaving my mother and their 5 children "home alone." I was coming up the basement stairs when the quake hit and I remember falling down the stairs. The shaking was unbelievably violent but I also remember the sound of the quake. The noise the earthquake made is rarely mentioned, but I can vividly remember the loud rumble which sounded like a freight train at high speed. In fact I thought the cause of it all was a freight train coming out of the ground from below the apartment.The kitchen was a mess with all of the jars of food and condiments broken on the floor. All of my brothers' model airplanes had come down from their perches as well as books, figurines, etc. My brothers' school, Government Hill Elementary was destroyed, but as noted was closed that day for Good Friday.With no electricity or heat, that night we gathered with other families on our living room floor and slept in sleeping bags. It was a great adventure for a 4 year old, but tremors and fires in the fuel storage area nearby (above ground due to the permafrost - since buried) kept the adults worried for days.I can still remember my friend Mary Jo and I pushing on the side of the apartment building later that summer and trying to get the building shaking again!David Kanzler |
In 1964 I was 7. I lived on Ash Place in Government Hill about two blocks from the elementary school, which I attended. I was sledding on our favorite hill on the other side of E. Loop Rd. and was walking up the hill when the first tremor hit.The first thing I
remember was the water tower at the top of the hill making a lot of
noise. My worst fear during the whole thing was that the tower would
fall on me! After losing my footing and sliding to the bottom of the
hill, I tried to stand up but the earth was moving in waves. It was
like being on the surface of the ocean, with waves of earth passing
underneath me. The next thing I noticed was spruce trees hitting the
ground on either
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My dad was stationed at Fort Richardson. We lived across from ball fields and boy scout and girl scout huts. I remember the man made ice skating rinks. I also remember every minute of the Alaska Earthquake. It was supper time. My dad had the rank for that set of quarters. A lot of the people in that bldg. came to our basement for shelter. Food came out of cabinet, fish out of fish bowl. Streets with cracks. Tops of bldg's down town even with streets. I don't know which was worse, the quake, or tremors after, for so long.Sandra Mitchell, Adams |
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I was 12 years old,
living in Chugiak, at the time of the Good Friday earthquake. We lived
in a 3-room log cabin about a quarter of a mile off Birchwood Loop
North. My older brother was on his 2-week encampment with the National
Guard. My mother and father were both home, as was I at the time of the
earthquake. It was a very frightening experience and the longest 4
minutes I've ever experienced. I remember my mother grabbing me and we
stood in the doorway of the cabin. I think my dad was ready to catch
the TV. His one-ton truck bounced all over the yard, but interestingly
enough, our wood pile stayed pretty much intact. The entire pile
appeared to be rocking together, as if it were placed in a giant
rocking chair. Damage to our house wasn't great, however, we did lose
our well shortly afterwards and a support beam under the cabin cracked.
The medicine cabinet emptied itself, and furniture shifted. Mother's
plants on the window sill all fell and water sloshed out of the pan we
kept on the wood stove, so we had a lot of mud on the floor. The
earthquake was even completely over yet, when our neighbors across the
street and their children came over to our house. They, like us, were
frightened. We apparently had only electric radios which did us no good
without electricity, so my father ran his truck and wired a speaker
from the truck radio into the house. We went to bed that night with our
clothes and boots on, so we could leave quickly in case we had to
evacuate. As instructed on the radio, we also packed a bag with
groceries for evacuation, mostly canned items, and discovered to our
amusement much later, that we had not included a can opener. We
eventually heard that the National Guardsmen were okay - that was great
relief, although they were put on extended duty. My brother had to
tromp through damaged homes in Turnagain By The Sea looking for bodies.
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I was a senior at West Anchorage high school when this happened. We were out of school due to Good Friday and that saved a lot of lives. When it hit, we were at Gamble and North lights having just left the downtown area. The car felt like a rolling and rocking sensation. We watched power lines hitting each other and also a gas station on the corner lost its large glass window causing oil cans running all over the street. We had problems getting home as we lived in the Sand lake area and bridges were all damaged. What a mess inside our house. What a terrible night it was after shocks no electricity, we rescued a lady next door with small children, her husband out in the bush. The next day we assessed the house and found minor damage. Our school was destroyed. We ended up going to our rival school East Anchorage and had to go split days. We graduated that year due to both gyms being damaged out of a Air Force Hanger. What a terrible ordeal, and I know every once in a while I will think about it and realize just what a piece of history that we all lived through.William J. Ellis
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I was almost 6 years old. My Dad was in the Army, and we had just been stationed at Ft. Richardson, Anchorage, Alaska. I had climbed a small lamp pole, and was sitting on top of it, when a man came home from work, parked his car, and went inside his building. I remember looking at his car jiggling, and thinking "he must have left it running". About then the force knocked me off the pole, and I went running home. I must have fallen several times running home. The earth was moving so much, you just couldn't keep your feet under you. Once home, things were falling off the walls, and I saw my Mom crying for the first time ever. That scared me to see her crying. That meant this was REALLY bad. I don't remember how long it lasted. But I remember the after shocks and tremors that for days afterward, would come unexpectedly and we would get scared thinking "here it comes again". After the main event, I remember going to neighbors houses and comparing damage...some peoples refrigerators fell over. Think about the force required to do that! Our favorite street that we would sled down, got a big crack in it, running across the street. I think it was maybe 5-6 inches wide. I don't know how deep it went, but to us kids, it was a bottomless pit that went all the way to China. We just kept sledding right over top of it. The days and months that followed found me scared to get near the water, because I thought it was going to suck me in like all the houses and structures that destroyed near the coastline and harbors etc..... We lived there until 1967, when we transferred to Ft. Lewis Washington. I loved Alaska. It was like living in the frontier wilderness, but I will always remember that Good Friday in 1964.Tom Burt |
I was 13 years old on March 27 1964 and lived in South Mountain View near the Park Place Bowling Lanes. That was my first earthquake and as the quake began, I expected it to last a few seconds. When the shaking reached a violent level I ran from the house and fell between our two family cars. The cars repeatedly crashed into each other as I lay between them. I was able to get back into the house without injury. It seemed that the shaking would never stop. We feared a gas leak in our home so we slept in a car the night of the 27th. My Father who was stationed on Fort Richardson was placed on duty in downtown Anchorage so my Mother took charge. To this day I still become a little nervous when I feel a structure sway or shake.Kenny Renew
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My family lived on the 13th floor of the L Street Apt's. I was only 8 years old but I remember that day vividly. My stepfather was talking to his brother on the phone when the quake began. He yelled, Oh my God, we're having an earthquake! The phone went dead. That's how Seattle found out about it. I have a magazine with many photos of that horrible day, including the apt building we lived in. Thank you for an informative site and the stories are healing for me. I, like many others, am still terrified of loud rumbling noises and I run when there's an earthquake. (I live in the northwest). You won't find me under a table or in a doorway...... Penny |
March 27th, 1964…, what a day. I was 18 years old, a senior at Kenai High School. My sister Kathy was 16. We got off the school bus and walked the mile and a half of our homestead road to our cabin on Longmere lake. I fixed our dinner and was doing the dishes when the quake hit. I remember the water in the sink stood up sideways, and then fell back down. We didn't have doors on the kitchen cupboards and things started falling out all around me. My sister started to become hysterical so I chased her around the cabin, held on to her, and told her we were going outside. I opened the door. The trees were laying on the ground one minute and upright the next, then back down again Then, the lake started to crack open and the mud from the bottom shot many feet up into the air. It looked like the cracks were headed straight for us, so we huddled there in the doorway until the shaking finally quit. I didn't think it would ever stop, it felt like forever.The main phone lines were out, but we were on a party line, so the neighbors were all picking up their receivers and checking on each other. My boyfriend and his family lived about 2 miles away, and thankfully his dad decided to drive down and check on us. He knew our parents and other siblings were in Anchorage for the day. I must have been in shock because I told him we were fine. He started driving up the hill, then stopped and backed down. He told me my face was white as a ghost, and that we were going home with him. I was so very grateful. They had six children at the time, and lived in a 10x55 mobile home, but made room for us. It was cozy and comforting. We all sat around listening to the battery radio, and waiting for news.It was at least a day before we heard that the rest of our family was OK, and then it took my mom 3 days to get home since the Kenai River bridge, and most of the Portage bridges were out. She told us that right before the earthquake started, she and my sister were on their way to J.C.Penney's to go shopping, but that she changed her mind and they drove by the store, and on down to 19th Ave. where they were staying with friends. She was sure happy she made that decision.While we were cleaning up all the mess in the cabin, Mom pounded a nail in one of the log beams and hung a wrench up on it so we could watch for the aftershocks.To this day, any earth shake brings back all the vivid details, and the fear.Susan (Erlwein) Davis
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When the Music Stopped PlayingI was 11-1/2 years old
at the time the Great Alaskan Earthquake struck. We lived in the
basement unit at 1505 Orca Street in Anchorage. When the quake struck,
Father was working, Mother was cooking dinner in the kitchen at the far
end of the house, and the baby was in his high chair close to Mother. I
was lying barefoot on Mother's bed, singing a popular song with the
radio. My brothers were outside playing. As usual, our parakeet,
"Pretty Boy," flitted about his cage chattering incessantly.
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More Images of the Alaskan Earthquake |
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